• Electromyography- and kinematics-centered methods foreground muscle activity and articulatory gestures as primary data for speech production, guiding interpretations of coarticulation and timing from EMG signals rather than acoustic displacement [1], [17], [3], [16].

• Speech perception–production coupling emerges from discrimination and orosensory cues shaping real-time articulation timing, with onset-time discrimination, discriminative links to articulation, and auditory–articulatory interactions informing motor planning [6], [5], [20], [7].

• Clinical neurogenic and developmental disorders function as natural experiments revealing how motor control and perceptual processing are altered by Parkinsonian pathology, dysarthria, hemiplegia, or developmental delays, constraining and informing theories of speech motor control [2], [4], [16], [12], [9].

• Developmental motor trajectories and environmental factors modulate articulation, evidenced by studies of child speech development, manual preference growth, and training effects, highlighting the role of general motor skills and context in shaping articulation patterns [11], [14], [15].

• Critical methodological reflections and model-based articulation research examine assumptions and coarticulation modeling choices, pushing experimental design and analytic framing toward testable, mechanistic accounts of speech production [8], [17], [6].